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Brown ENGL 227

christinexii

The struggle for justice often seems an endless fight. It seems each generation is somehow embarrassed by the conduct of the last, yet few seem to be willing to look to the future and avoid the cruelties that would embarrass their children and grandchildren. Since the beginning of time necessity proves both genders must have been acknowledged, yet equality was slow in coming. It's tragic to think that after all those years, it was still shocking in the 17th century AD (such a notation is necessary when addressing a problem that has existed through the BC's) to see a woman published in America, the country of liberty. It also makes the work of the women who were the tools of change all the more impressive. Despite critics who accused literary women of being immodest and incapable, women proved that they could write and still be upstanding citizens. They proved morality through work with other movements, such as the abolition movement, and drew on these successes to establish a position for suffrage. When necessary, they wrote within designated spheres to gain acceptance, but they were also able to tear holes in the walls and develop a strong and eloquent voice in politics and society.
Anne Bradstreet: Poet in Search of Form
Anne Bradstreet: Poet in Search of Form

When Anne Bradstreet wrote during the 17th century, it was necessary that she frame her work carefully. For women writers at the time, it was nearly impossible to write at all and absolutely impossible to write freely. Not only did Anne Bradstreet have to preface works with disparging statements dismissing her work as trivial, womanly writing, but she also had to pick her subject matter cautiously and without the freedom of men. Writing about politics would have been a masculine field and reflected poorly on the character of a woman in the opinion of soceity. Therefore, it was necessary for Bradstreet and others to restrict themselves to "domestic" topics, such as family and relicious worship. In Bradstreet's early works, she focused on history and much of her work borrowed from the styles of other writers. However, with maturity she gained an individual style. She maintained a her reputation as a respectable woman. She never becoming aradical pollitcal writer because this would have lost her any sort of opportunity she did have to have a voice. What she did develop, though, was no less important. In her unique style, she authored poems that reflected her story of life in New England as a puritan woman. In a soceity that limited women's public speaking, this was a critical point in women's liberation. Bradstreet was able to express her education and intelligence without allowing people to criticize her for immorality or pride.

As the women's suffrage movement began to develop in the 19th century a strong and vocal anti-suffrage ment also emerged. One influential arguement used by anti-suffragists was that liberarted, voting women went hand in hand with unfeminine, vulgar, sinful women. Proper women, they argued, wouldn't want to be involved with the harsh, masculine world of politics. The only women contributing to politics would be the depraved--those who drank whisky and committed adultry. Such an arguement would have had a powerful effect on a society built around Puritan ideals of woman hood such as submissiveness, humility, piousnesss, and chastity. Furthermore, many women might have been frightened away from participating in the movement for fear of aligning themselves with women of poor reputation. Therefore, it was critical thatwomen suffragists presented themselves as respectable and socially acceptable. Not only did they have to convince the American people and government that it was their right to vote based on the philosophy of liberty, they also had to demonstrate that they were not morally corrupt, being upheld to much higher standards than men. If something was considered a sin when carried out by a man, such as adultry, it was vastly more repulsive when done by a woman. As women's rights literature both developed and continued, fighting the fight of morality  was just one more battle in a difficult war.

Preface: No More Separate Spheres!
Preface: No More Separate Spheres!

As women began to write, they were greatly limited in their expression. There were many prexisting ideas about women's intellectual strength and place in societythat designated what topics they could write about. What women needed to change was there pollitcal place, but politics were not part of the sphere they were allowed to write about. While the spheres existed, they separated women from men in ways that  As result, women were forced to convert the fields they could have into tools they worked through to communicate their point. Sentimental novels and domestic fiction could be used to portray women's suffering under while portraying heroines who were strong and respectable, Anne Bradstreets religious poetry demonstrated her piousness and motherliness, and many women were able to use their stance as society's moral guardians to become involved in movements like the temperance movement which gave them their early tastes of politics. However, as time went on, it became increasingly necessary to expand the spheres.

Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Domestication of Free Labor Ideology
Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Domestication of Free Labor Ideology
One of the earliest means women had of breaking out of the traditional domestic sphere designated to women was through abolition work. Harriet Beecher Stowe was of course a key player in expanding the sphere when she published "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which was widely read by both sexes. Women had already become key players in the abolition movement and other movements based in issues of morality and religion and Stowe was not the first woman to write about abolition, but the popularity and influence of her book helped to give women a firm public place to assert their voice. Stowe had a solid reputation as a respectable daughter of  New England minister and was well educated. Though she was not without critics, other women noted her success and copied her style of politics. She had not abandoned a feminine style of writing, incorporating many preexisting themes of women's literature, but she made it clear that a woman could have an opinion and express herself in an influential way.
Signatures of Citizenship: Petitioning, Antislavery, and Women's Political Identity (review)
Signatures of Citizenship: Petitioning, Antislavery, and Women`s Political Identity (review)
Before women could fight for their own freedom, they had to first prove that they were capable of fighting for a cause and influencing the outcome. The abolition movement was closely linked to the development of women's political identity. Many of the leading women's rights activists, such as Lucretia Motts and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, had originally been involved in the antislavery movement. They learned techniques of successful pollitical writing and gained confidence in their achievements that enabled them to write for the suffrage movement. Furthermore, it also proved to critics that they were capable of being agents of change. The Antislavery movement had and undeniable contribution to the women's rights movement.

**I could read this resource in the library but it won't show up on my computer. I'm not sure what I did wrong?
Picture
By the time the women's suffrage movement had neared a point where the realization of it's goals might be met in the 1920's, there were already centuries of literary proof of women's efforts to find their voice. Women were able to look back at previous attempts and learn what had been successful and what had not. In all American politics, it has been proven that anything deemed radical will also be deemed subversive. Women who had successfully broadened the contemporary scope of power had been women who were modest and religious. As seen in this picture, the women of the suffrage movement practiced modest dress. While things like bloomers might have ocassionally surfaced, they were always a minority movement. Their signs showed their education, sometimes with important political quotes and other times with their own eloquent phrases. Of course, nothing is ever changed by conformity--these women and their predessors were neither conservative nor moderate. The took a firm stance and determinedly stood outside regardless of weather and published many pamphlets and newspapers. The publishing of these pamphlets and newspapers clearly stemmed from the earlier success of women and their literary achievements.  Without women like Anne Bradstreet and Harriet Beacher Stowe opening and broadening women's place in American literature suffragists would have had an even more difficult time finding a public platform and convincing listeners.

Clearly the empowerment of women was duly earned. Women had suffered thousands of years of oppression and being treated as second rate citizens. It was over three centuries after America's settlement and nearly two centuries after the establishment of the American government before women were acknowledged as citizens. It was no easy task for this to be accomplished. In order to gain their voice, women had to prove their virtue, intelligence, and determination.