My9s

The Goddess of Love and Beauty: Dante Rossetti's Venus

Amanda Stancati and Eva Ho

Commentary for Venus Verticordia. (For a Picture.)
Venus Verticordia. (For a Picture.)
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
The perception of beauty was quite different in the nineteenth century. In 1868, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, an English painter and poet, created Venus Verticordia – a sonnet with a corresponding painting.@ This is an example of one of Rossetti’s “double works of art”, in which he produces a set of visuals and texts that are meant to elaborate upon each other. Rossetti was often criticized for his work because he did not conform to the typical mold, but decided to challenge the Victorian standards of beauty instead. Venus is universally recognized as the goddess of love and beauty. However, beauty is subjective and the ideals of beauty are always changing due to individual tastes. The poem is in the English sonnet form and written in iambic pentameter. It first appeared in the 1868 edition of Notes on the Royal Academy Exhibition.@ The associated portrait is an oil painting that features model, Alice Wilding.@ This exhibit will question and explore how Rossetti constructs his Venus through the text and visuals. By analyzing how mythical and biblical influences reflect Pre-Raphaelite artwork, this exhibit will examine how Venus Verticordia reflects Rossetti’s ideal Venus and the representation of the Victorian woman.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB) was formed by a group of English artists and poets circa 1848. Rossetti was one of the founding members of this movement. The objective of the PRB movement was to deviate from the Victorian standards of aesthetics and to exercise their own definition of beauty. Specifically, they wanted to incorporate nature and realism back into their artwork. Many art critics detested this new style and did not understand why the PRB were so opposed to the Victorian pre-established concepts of beauty. According to "The Third Discourse" theory created by Sir Joshua Reynolds, it is the duty of the artist to fix and improve on abnormal figures found in nature.@ The PRB view this concept as dated and instead, encourages artists to embrace all that is in nature - including these so-called flaws. The brotherhood believed that in order to improve and develop as artists, they must move forward by re-inventing new techniques. Their mandate also served as an acknowledgement to the innovation taking place during the nineteenth century. The world of the arts must evolve alongside the rest of the technological changes. They were visionaries before their time and had an avant-garde approach to their artwork that is still relatable today. This will be discussed later on through the study of Venus Verticordia and how Rossetti's vision of the ideal female beauty resonates with our generation of the modern woman.

During the nineteenth century, British theorist, Mary Anne Schimmelpennick, developed an aesthetics concept. The basis of this concept led to an influx of quasi-scientific classification systems that claim to have the ability to decode an individual’s psychological state based on their physical features@. These ideas were very popular at the time and the physical prejudice strengthened the segregation of social classes in England. There was an increasing fear of the emerging middle-class during the nineteenth century, so as a result, most people would blindly followed these systems. The PRB greatly opposed this concept because it goes against the law of nature.

1860s: Shift in Artistic Direction

Many critics believed that Rossetti produced his best work around the 1860 period. The linear clarity and vibrant colours were some of the techniques from Italian primitive art that he would try to emulate. Upon the encouragement of his artist friends, Rossetti was able to develop his signature style with watercolors throughout the next few years.@ Eventually, his artistic vision changed in the way ideas were portrayed on canvas. In Rossetti’s earliest paintings, such as The Girlhood of Mary Virgin@, the models were composed in a very simple manner – full-length figures placed in linear form. This was very different from his portraits post-1860 where the center of attention would concentrate on the upper part of the body, creating a tighter focus on the subject.@

When Rossetti produced Venus Verticordia in 1868, many art enthusiasts criticized it heavily. The painting, which features a woman with an exposed chest, was said to be coarse and tasteless. However, what the public perceived as vulgarity was actually interpreted by Rossetti as an ideal of how the embodied body of the soul should function. This concept had been on his mind for a long time, but it was not until the 1860s that he took the initiative to explore the idea through his paintings. Art critics did not welcome Rossetti’s new approach and interpreted them as technical flaws. His brother, William Michael Rossetti, wrote that Rossetti was fully aware of the Victorian aesthetic principles, but he purposely went against the norm to develop himself as an artist.@ Rossetti’s favorite subject of choice in his paintings and poetry were women. By featuring women in his work, he was able to explore the different facets of beauty and feminism.@ Venus Verticordia defines the shift in artistic direction that Rossetti went through during the 1860s. In order to create a sensuous and erotic tone, he would focus on close-ups of the models to express female sexuality. This artistic approach was common in Rossetti's later works and it led to a series of paintings that are critical in the complex study of Rossetti’s ideal Venus.
Textual Notes and Glosses for Mary's Girlhood (For a Picture)
The Girlhood of Mary Virgin (For a Picture)
Dante Gabriel Rossetti

The Goddess of Love and Beauty: Dante Rossetti's Venus

Amanda Stancati and Eva Ho

Analyzing the text of "Venus Verticordia"

She hath the apple in her hand for thee,
   Yet almost in her heart would hold it back;
   She muses, with her eyes upon the track
Of that which in thy spirit they can see.
Haply, ‘Behold, he is at peace,’ saith she;
   ‘Alas! the apple for his lips,—the dart
   That follows its brief sweetness to his heart,—
The wandering of his feet perpetually!’

A little space her glance is still and coy;
   But if she give the fruit that works her spell,
Those eyes shall flame as for her Phrygian boy.
   Then shall her bird's strained throat the woe foretell,
   And her far seas moan as a single shell,
And through her dark grove strike the light of Troy.
The painting, Venus Verticordia, elicits biblical and mythological references that can be interpreted in light of the poem by Rossetti. With motifs like the apple, halo, flowers, and arrow, each explicitly representing something more, the relationship between the poem and painting leave room for discussion.The apple is a significant aspect of the painting. It is a reference to the apple from the forbidden tree of knowledge that Eve ate in the Garden of Eden that caused the fall of man and original sin. Additionally, it is a reference to the apple that Paris offered Venus in Greek mythology in appreciation of her exquisite beauty. The first two lines of the poem develop the idea of temptation and can be interpreted in many different ways. Venus possesses the apple, or symbolically, the power to defy God, gain knowledge, exercise her sexuality, and influence Adam, or men in general. But, in the case of Paris and Venus, the apple is used as a sign of beauty. Yet in the poem, Venus is hesitant to give the apple away, demonstrating her ambiguous nature that will later be discussed further. The apple is referred to as a “dart,” having negative connotations, and is meant to be aimed at a target, in which the sweetness is only momentary and then pain prevails. In the second stanza, it is stated that the apple “works [Venus’] spell.” This reference to a ‘dart’ and the concept of a ‘spell’ demonstrates the female power associated with knowledge, beauty, and sexuality, but is always followed by 'woe'. Although Venus is hesitant to give the apple away, she exercises her freedom in doing so, and is triumphant over the man.
Venus Verticordia
Venus Verticordia
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
This triumph is related to the reference to Troy in the last line of the poem: “And through her dark grove strike the light of Troy.” Venus is represented as “dark” and Troy is “light.” This contrast between light and dark suggests Venus’ debased nature, while Troy is lit, after winning the battle over the Greeks. Rossetti believed the myth of Troy to be powerful in allegorical meaning.@ Ultimately, Venus was able to overcome the darkness.This contrast of light and dark further reiterates Venus’ ambiguity. She is neither evil nor a fragile woman.@ Her appearance in the painting is soft, yet the poem reveals her feminine powers and strength. It is interesting to note the irony in the use of both an apple and a halo in the painting. The apple denotes sexuality, while the halo denotes angelic qualities. The flowers and arrow can also represent sexuality. The flowers are a sign of fertility while the arrow is associated with Cupid, the god of love, but more specifically, of sexual love. Furthermore, the dominant colour of the painting is red which denotes sin and power.

The Goddess of Love and Beauty: Dante Rossetti's Venus

Amanda Stancati and Eva Ho

Vision of Ideal Beauty: The "Rossetti Woman"

An uprising of female rebellion took place during the Victorian era. It was a time when women were first fighting for individual voice and identity. This was an important issue that Rossetti addressed and it reflects in paintings such as Venus Verticordia. Rossetti challenges the Victorian standards of beauty and constructs his own ideal Venus. Through his work, he informs the public that beauty is confidence and that women should fight for individualism. It is fascinating to discover that the composition of the "Rossetti Woman" has similar attributes to the modern women of our generation.

While the PRB were scrutinized for using unconventional art techniques, Rossetti was mainly condemned for the sensuous nature of his paintings. This new style came about in 1860s when Rossetti experienced a shift in artistic vision. From exploring new meaning in visuals, Rossetti was able to compose his own sense of ideal female beauty. The women in his paintings did not conform to the mold of the demure and fair Victorian maiden. Instead, he constructs the idea of a “dark Venus” in his paintings with powerful Amazonian structured bodies and bold, direct gazes.@ There was an erogenous emphasis on areas around the décolletage, mouth and hair. The models were usually loosely dressed and exposed more skin than what was considered appropriate back then. Other typical characteristics that he would accentuate include: full, red, fleshy lips, sleepy eyes, profuse wavy hair and long neck. The general public despised these pieces and identified them as vulgar because it went against conservative Victorian beliefs. Through his paintings, Rossetti argues that women should embrace and not suppress their sexuality because real beauty is confidence.

Much like The PRB's mission statement to include all facets of nature into their art, Rossetti implies that we need to accept our flaws since it is impossible for everyone to assimilate to a certain code of standards. This is demonstrated and critiqued through the execution of Venus Verticordia. Initially, the model for this painting was a cook Rossetti noticed in the streets. However, her face was substituted with Alice Wilding's, a model whom Rossetti often featured in his paintings to idealize sexuality@. In later years, he made several reproductions of Venus Verticordia using different models. Similarly to the modern woman, Venus has multiple identities that doubles itself in this "double work of art". Women should be able to express their individualism and embrace difference sides to them. Through Rossetti's eyes, Venus is no longer one-dimensional but transformed into a woman with depth and substance.

The Fallen Woman in "Venus Verticordia"

The idea of female power and sexuality is associated with the biblical woman, Mary Magdalene. Charles Fairfax Murray suggests that the crayon sketch of, Woman with Vessel@ produced between 1863 and 1864, is of Mary Magdalene. This sketch may have been one of Rossetti’s first conceptions of Venus. Like the painting, the woman has big, wavy hair, and nude breasts. This is interesting because Mary Magdalene was a fallen woman and can be seen to embody some of the traits that Venus does, such as beauty, temptation, sexuality, and female power. The photo, however, omits the apple, the arrow, and the flowers, important aspects of the final painting that incorporate ideas of religion and mythology.
The fallen woman was a common topic in Victorian art and literature, especially in Pre-Raphaelite painting. It was based on the idea of promiscuous females, which relates to Venus because of her exposed breasts, the arrow, and the apple. Female sexuality in Victorian times was repressed and recognized only in relation to the male.@ Nead discusses the “feminine ideal” versus the “fallen woman” and she draws the comparison between the Madonna and Mary Magdalene, two biblical figures. This comparison supports the irony of both the apple and halo being present in the painting. Nead says fallen women were threatening because of their public nature, disease, disruption of families and society, and the reflection of low societal morality. However, the prostitute can also be described in terms of her innocence, making her seem tempted and ashamed,@ hence the halo. The fallen woman is sexually deviant and is seen in the outside, immoral world, whereas the feminine ideal remains in the home which is pure.@ Likewise, Venus is placed outside in the wild among the flowers in the painting, and not within the domestic sphere. Venus Verticordia may have also been viewed as a fallen woman during the nineteenth century because of her liberated sexuality as seen through her nudity (in the painting) and her assertion of power (in the poem).
Woman with Vessel
Woman with Vessel
Dante Gabriel Rossetti

The Goddess of Love and Beauty: Dante Rossetti's Venus

Amanda Stancati and Eva Ho

Public Reaction: Rossetti vs. Ruskin

It has already been discussed that Rossetti's new sensuous approach to his artwork was not welcomed by everyone. In fact, many people viewed the display of sexuality as coarse and offensive because it did not fit in with the conventions of beauty at the time. So when Venus Verticordia was unveiled - showing a semi-nude woman - there was much criticism. The general feedback was negative and the painting offended some because it did not fit in with the social conventions of the time. Rossetti's decision to endow Venus with sexual empowerment was not palatable with the conservative Victorian public.
Picture
Letters Between Ruskin and Rossetti
Rossetti Papers, 1862-1870
Venus Verticordia was not one of Rossetti's most significant pieces, but it was particularly infamous for being the cause behind the end of Rosetti and Ruskin's friendship. John Ruskin was an art enthusiast, renowned critic and one of Rossetti's closest friends.@ The two have a patron-artist relationship and Ruskin often bought paintings from him. Rossetti agreed that they were both on par in terms of intellect but felt that Ruskin did not have an infallible perspective of art like he did. Already experiencing mixed emotions about Rossetti's new style of artwork, the appearance of Venus Verticordia pushed Ruskin to his limits until he was no longer able to hide his disgust. In a series of letters addressed to Rossetti, Ruskin attacks the way in which he handles the oil paints and how coarse the overall tone is.@ While Rossetti's paintings did not resonate with the general masses, there were a few select groups who accepted his mode of aesthetics.@ It was acknowledged earlier that The PRB had an avant-garde feel to their work because they went against the norm to envision new methods that were ahead of their time. As a result, Rossetti's productions became popular within groups of advanced artists and later set the founding basis of the Modernist art movement.
Venus is the symbolic figure of love and beauty; however beauty is subjective. The nineteenth century was a visually-driven culture and had a strict code of beauty concepts that ended up segregating social classes. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood opposed these beliefs by creating their own definition of beauty. Rossetti demonstrates that he is not afraid to challenge the Victorian standards of beauty by painting sensuous and suggestive elements to his pieces. Through works like Venus Verticordia, this exhibit becomes a critique of what is considered to be the true meaning of beauty. To illustrate his beliefs, he draws influences from mythical and biblical tales in order to give substance to his heroines. It is very interesting to note how Rossetti's sophisticated vision of beauty fits the description of today's modern woman - confident and independent. Ultimately, Rossetti accentuates the importance of not submitting oneself to superficial norms, but to celebrate individualism in order to fully accept the real aestheticism movement.

The Goddess of Love and Beauty: Dante Rossetti's Venus

Amanda Stancati and Eva Ho

Endnotes

1 Dante Gabriel Rossetti, "Venus Verticordia"

2 Dante Gabriel Rossetti, "Venus Verticordia".

3 Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Venus Verticordia. 1864-1868. Russel-Cotes Art Gallery, UK

4 Casteras, Susan P."Pre-Raphaelite Challenges to Victorian Canons of Beauty".Huntington Library Quarterly.Vol. 55, No. 1 (Winter, 1992), pp. 13-3. University California Press.

5 "Pre-Raphaelite Challenges to Victorian Canons of Beauty". pp.16

6 Jerome McGann. Dante Gabriel Rossetti: and The Game That Must Not Be Lost. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000)

7 Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The Girlhood of Mary Virgin. 1849. Tate Gallery, London.

8 Dante Gabriel Rossetti: and The Game That Must Not Be Lost. pp. 118

9 Dante Gabriel Rossetti: and The Game That Must Not Be Lost. pp. 110

10 Johnson, Wendell Stacy."D.G. Rossetti as Painter and Poet".Victorian Poetry.Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter, 1965), pp. 9-18. West Virginia University Press.

11 McGann, Jerome J. "Commentary for Venus Verticordia (For a Picture)". The Rossetti Archive.2008. Web.

12 McGann, Jerome J. "Commentary for Venus Verticordia (For a Picture)". The Rossetti Archive.2008. Web.

13 "Pre-Raphaelite Challenges to Victorian Canons of Beauty".pp. 30

14 The Rossetti Archive. Venus Verticordia. (For a Picture.)

15 "Woman with Vessel."The Rossetti Archive.1863-1864.

16 Need, Lynn. "The Magdalen in Modern Times: The Mythology of the Fallen Woman in the Pre-Raphaelite Painting."Oxford Art Journal.Vol 7 (1984):26-37. Web.

17 Need, Lynn. "The Magdalen in Modern Times: The Mythology of the Fallen Woman in the Pre-Raphaelite Painting."Oxford Art Journal.Vol 7 (1984):26-37. Web.

18 Need, Lynn. "The Magdalen in Modern Times: The Mythology of the Fallen Woman in the Pre-Raphaelite Painting."Oxford Art Journal.Vol 7 (1984):26-37. Web.

19 Helen Rossetti Angeli. Dante Gabriel Rossetti His Friends and Enemies. (London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd., 1949)

20 William Michael Rossetti. Rossetti Papers, 1862-1870.London: General Books LLC, 2009.

21 "Pre-Raphaelite Challenges to Victorian Canons of Beauty". pp. 31 

Links

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" "Commentary for Venus Verticordia (For a Picture)"" http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/4-1868.s173.raw

""Commentary for Venus Verticordia (For a Picture)"." http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/4-1868.s173.raw

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"Venus Verticordia. (For a Picture.)" http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/4-1868.s173.raw.html [Commentary for Venus Verticordia. (For a Picture.)]